Unit V. Consciousness

Unit V. Consciousness

CONTENTS

1. The Players
2. Vibrations in the Mind
3. Involution
4. Stages of Development of Consciousness
5. Stages of Samadhi
6. Kaivalya
7. Modes of Transformation
8. Siddhis
9. Rudra Granthi

Materials needed: Journal, drawing materials

Books needed:

The Language of the Gods
Patanjali’s Sutras (you may select which one)

Exercises:

Language of the Gods
Spiritual Identity
Patanjali’s Sutras
Gunas
Involution
Evolution
Parinamas
Mind and Consciousness Relationship
Rudra Granthi
Ethics of Siddhis

Are you conscious? Are you sure? There’s a rumor going around that we are all asleep, steeped in ignorance and distracted from the true Reality. But, you say, “I went to college.” Maybe you even went to graduate school. “I’m not ignorant, not by any means.” And somewhere in the back of your ego something swells with pride. But a Yogi would say that you are referring to your mind, and the mind is not the same thing as consciousness. In fact, the mind is only a mirror or a tool of consciousness. I didn’t like that idea for a long, long time and still feel wary of it. However, the way to find out for sure is to study your own mind and see for yourself. I invite you to do that in this unit.

Let us begin with the Oxford Universal Dictionary definition of consciousness. The word ‘conscious’ comes from the Latin conscius which means: 1) knowng something with others, 2) knowing in one’s self; and 3) inwardly sensible or aware. What is curious is that the word begins with con which means “with.” So we have “knowing with.” Who or what is this “other[s]” that plays a role in consciousness? That is a question, I’d like you to keep in mind as we proceed.

The element in the sixth chakra is awareness. Generally, I think everyone would agree that consciousness means being aware of something or the ability to know something. There is just one problem with this deduction. We say we are unconscious in our sleep, yet we dream. And in our dreams we are aware of things, people, events, feelings, etc. So to look at higher consciousness, we need a definition that separates it from ordinary consciousness. Yogis say there are four kinds of consciousness: waking, dreaming, deep sleep and turiya which is a higher order, undifferentiated, cosmic, non-dual awareness. It is Turiya we will be examining. This is a form of consciousness that results when all the veils and distractions have been removed from our experience. The veils and distractions, or maya, is what is called ignorance. Not that we are stupid, but that we cannot see the true Reality, the way things really are, because our minds are focused on external objects and events or on inner thoughts, planning, etc.

[Note: As we go along, I am going to use the Sanskrit names of concepts whenever they mean something different from the usual meanings of the associated word in English. This will alert you to the fact that we are talking about ideas that transcend everyday experience. So you may have to try to relax your mind into the ether in order to understand them. I will italicize the word when it is first introduced but not afterward.]

Exercise: Language of the Gods

Secure a copy of this book and browse through it to see what it contains. Read the first two chapters to see how the references may be useful to you. Then select one of the other chapters according to your personal interests to study in depth. Make notes in your journal about how to find what you need.

Yogis say that consciousness is the three in one: the knower, the known and the knowing process are all one thing or part of one thing. At the higher levels, they become indistinguishable from each other. Another way of looking at consciousness is as a field. This field can contain objects or not. In any case, consciousness is a way of knowing, a process of knowing. At higher levels, this kind of knowledge is called prajna (Pra means ‘high’, Jna means ‘to know’). With prajna, the mind is cut off completely from the physical world and consciousness is centered in one of the vehicles between manas and atma. It is the prajna in samprajnata samadhi that we will be investigating.

The Players

The Being that knows we will call Purusa . Purusa, also called Atman, is the innermost Self. We are most familiar with this entity as the Witness Self or the Higher Self. This is the Real You, your own Higher Self’s identity or individuality which is eternal. It is both part of the Ultimate Reality and individual at the same time. We could say it is nested within the Ultimate Reality and is one of the many separate consciousnesses created so that the Divine One can experience life on earth. So, when I talk about Purusa, that is your Real Self. And it is also mine and everyone else’s. This is the entity who “owns” the Supreme Consciousness. Because Buddhism does not admit such an existence but refers to consciousness as if it were an entity in itself, we will assume that sunyata or emptiness or the void is synonymous with pure consciousness itself. I am going to use the word Purusa in what follows to allow you a bit of distance from the discussion and to remind you that we are talking about the Higher Self of everyone.

You will remember that the Ultimate Reality manifested two things: Consciousness (Purusa: Spirit or Divine Person) and Matter (Prakrti: Nature). These are symbolized in one of the Hindu myths by Shiva and Shakti. Consciousness was reflected from matter to form the Universal Mind (Mahat) which then developed into the Antahkarana (or Citta) which is individual mindstuff out of which came Buddhi, Ahamkara and Manas forms of mind. These were followed by the senses and organs of action. Please refer to Figure 3.

To round out the definitions, Jivatman is the life spirit in us (jiva – life; atman –self). Tyberg (1970) says the Jivatman is the Spirit or individual self in living creatures, a portion of the Divine supporting individual existence in Nature, one of the Divine many. It does not evolve but represents the ‘multiple divine’ in manifestation.

In this perspective, the Higher Self and the soul are not identical, but rather we find that consciousness is reflected from the Buddhic mind to form the soul. The Antaratman (antar means ‘within’, atman means ‘self’) is The Soul, or Inner Self or God-spark. It is a conscious form or projection of the Jivatman, and it is that which is evolving during incarnation. It gathers the essence of all experience and soul perceptions; and, in time, brings about god-realization. Vivekananda (1976) says that the soul is the everliving essence of intelligence.

Exercise: Spiritual Identity

Please write a paper on your spiritual identity, i.e., who are you? Use the concepts above to describe yourself on each experiential level. For instance, how do you manifest a part of yourself as the Jivatman? How do you feel to yourself as Purusa? Work on a feeling level as you try to identify yourself with all of these concepts.

Now, to make the connection with our gods of the sixth chakra. Purusa as Shiva and Prakrti as Shakti have been separated during all of creation because of the necessity of polarity in order to make things work. In evolution, they are striving to become reunited. And, in the sixth chakra, this occurs. Yet they still maintain their identity as separate individualities. Purusa is still enthralled by earth life and distracted thereby from experiencing pure consciousness. (Notice how Shakti, owner of all the vibrations, is doing all the work.)

Vibrations in the Mind

Now you may be wondering what role the mind plays in all of this. Isn’t it the mind that is conscious? Well, no. It is rather the other way around. Conscious-ness operates through the mind. According to the Yogis, the mind cannot function unless it is activated by consciousness. It is a supremely complex instrument but, like the lawn mower, it won’t work unless someone pulls the cord or turns the switch. Consciousness expresses itself through different grades of the mind and the quality of its expression depends upon the level of mind through which it is operating. So we could say that the Higher Self, Purusa, uses the mind as a tool for self-expression and for operating in the world. You will recall that the senses are tools of the mind that enable us to make connection with things and people in the world. So it is Purusa’s consciousness that is the activating factor that turns on the mind.

The spiritual work we do is called evolution, and it is a reversible process. In this case, evolution means a Return to Spirit. In one of the Hindu myths, Vishnu is breathing; and, on the out breath, the universe is created; on the in breath, it is all withdrawn. This indicates that there is a pulse in creation, a vibration, and we know this is so from research in physics. Let us see how this works on levels of consciousness.

Exercise: Patanjali’s Sutras

Secure one of the many books on Patanjali’s Sutras and begin reading in it. The one by Taimni called The Science of Yoga is probably most useful as it contains commentary. As you go along, try to integrate what you are reading with what is being presented in this unit. Amazon.com has a good selection that I know of. Just enter “Patanjali’s Sutras” in the search box. Or consult the Reference section for some ideas.

Involution

Involution is the process of the Divine Self coming down into matter and taking form. It is said that, in this process, the Self forgets who it is and gets entangled in worldly events, desires and perceptions. These are the veils of maya, and they prevent a return to the blissful state of Ultimate Reality. So, in order to return, the One who has incarnated must undergo a painful and lengthy process of removing all the obscurations to disentangle ItSelf. This is called spiritual practice.

The involution process is pretty interesting. We have seen the Samkhya rendition of it (Figure 3). Let us look at another and compare the two. In this model from Patanjali, the Ultimate Reality as Brahman (the creator in the Hindu trinity) divides ItSelf into two components: Brahma-Caitanya which is an underlying, integrated Consciousness (like Purusa), and Sabda-Brahman (like Prakrti) which is Vibration. As in the other tradition, this vibration is matter. All matter vibrates because it is composed of particles and waves, electrons and neutrons, molecules. All of these are held together by pulses or vibrations of energy usually either positive or negative which causes their interactivity. So Consciousness and Vibration are the two primary results of the initial division. They are complementary, interdependent, and appear or disappear simultaneously. This means that the vibration of matter is always associated with consciousness. Each kind of vibration is paired with a corresponding state of consciousness. For example, you prick your finger with a pin and feel pain. The prick causes vibrations in your nervous system and brain, and you become aware of pain. Usually the vibrations of consciousness, in such an event, would activate the mind to compare the sensation with memories of other such sensations in order to discover what the pain means.

Particular states of consciousness can be produced by starting the connecting kinds of vibrations, and the reverse is also true. This is why mantra practice, called Japa Yoga, is used extensively by practicing yogis. Chanting a mantra produces sound vibrations that resonate in the body as well as in the surrounding environment. So chanting can tune the body and mind to higher frequencies of vibration. However, only certain mantras that have been used over thousands of years can produce higher states of consciousness and only when they are practiced correctly for a long enough period of time.

On the other hand, consciousness can generate particular vibrations in order to influence and change matter. Psychosomatic illness is an example of this on a physico-mental level. At higher levels, we find such things as the ability to become invisible or to levitate. Yes, these things can happen deliberately, but they are associated with very high levels of consciousness, and are called siddhis. All of the Sanskrit alphabet of 52 letters represent elements of mantra because each letter carries a basic, eternal power. We have seen these on the petals of the chakras we have been studying.

The Gunas

How do the vibrations translate into the names and forms of the universe that we are familiar with? That is the function of the gunas. The word guna means, roughly, a quality or characteristic. Mother Nature (Prakrti) is basically composed of three basic gunas or attributes which, until they are disturbed by consciousness, are in equilibrium. When set into motion, the gunas can combine in an infinite number of ways to produce everything we know of. These three gunas are as follows:

Sattva (from Sat - ‘being’) is the quality of mental purity and light and balance. It expresses itself as harmony, wisdom and light. Light in its highest form is the luminous Truth-Consciousness that brings happiness, bliss and rapture. Its form of vibration is harmonious, a rhythmic,wavelike motion that comes from a balanced combination of the other two gunas.

Rajas is the force of energy and motion in Nature, vibrations that are disharmonious and not rhythmic in their actions. Rajas is the quality of ego-striving and passion. In its higher forms, it becomes the Self-conscious, creative Will of the divine. We think of rajas in terms of fiery energy, struggle, effort and desire. It causes actions, functions and operations usually performed on tamasic matter.

Tamas is the force of inertia and stability in Nature. It is associated with darkness, ignorance, unconsciousness and inaction, the opposite of rajas. In terms of vibration, it holds a position. At higher levels, tamas becomes peace, calm and repose. Then it holds everything in omnipotent silence. Tamas is passive and inactive.

Rajas acting upon tamas may produce a wavelike motion that is a harmonious combination of motility and inertia, and we call that sattva. You can see in this a reflection of the Purusa /Prakrti duality with the Ultimate Reality being the sattvic equilibrium. So, as above, below has the same form. When rajas and tamas are completely harmonized into sattva, we have non-duality because rajas and tamas are opposites.

The gunas come into play when Purusa’s Consciousness is directed onto (matter in the form of) the balanced gunas thus disturbing them and setting them into motion. At this point, creation of the universe begins. The gunas can combine in an infinite number of ways and proportions thus accounting for the diversity we see all around us. Therefore, we see that the equilibrium of the gunas is dynamic because it contains the potential for any combination of qualitities when activated, but reverts to equilibrium when it is not needed. For instance, on the everyday level, when you focus your attention on something, it appears in your perception with all its characteristics, but when you are not paying attention, it disappears for all practical purposes. One of the objectives of Yoga is to reach this position of choice at the highest level possible. Gunatita means above the gunas, and is the position of choice that Purusa has.

The Four Stages of the Gunas

The stages of the gunas are: undifferentiated (Alinga), differentiated (Linga), universal (Avisesa), and particular (Visesa) as we move from the highest to lowest forms. And these levels correspond to the stages of creation.

We will be using the word, ‘object’ in this context to refer to that which is the object of conscious attention, not just a thing like a plate or glass. Therefore, it is anything upon which attention can be focused. So it can be an artifact, an idea, an image, a thought, layers of mind, archetypes, deities or even consciousness itself. You can see that objects vary in the distinctness with which they can be observed. This is accounted for by the levels or stages of the gunas and where in the hierarchy of involution the objects of attention occur. The following are listed in the order from highest to lowest levels.

1. Undifferentiated gunas are simply the potential for development in matter. You could say that they are just waves of awareness in consciousness. They do not yet have any differentiating characteristics. It is rather like an idea in the mind but is not to be confused with that.

2. Differentiated gunas are just marks or signs that separate objects from each other. These can be objects or principles. Whereas undifferentiated gunas can be thought of as the gunas in equilibrium, differentiated gunas would be the case when they have separate identities and begin to take on identifying qualities, e.g., as sattva, rajas and tamas, or as cognition, activity and stability.

3. Universal gunas are like archetypes. They are universal patterns or principles that lay the foundation for actual manifestation in the world. These are abstract qualities that do not yet have concrete names and forms.

4. Particular gunas are actual objects in the world that have names and forms. They can also be concepts in the lower mind. Particular gunas have a separate existence independent of other objects.

Exercise: Gunas

Select a simple object on which you might want to concentrate. Then draw a tree diagram showing all four levels of this object in terms of the gunas. For instance, what would your favorite cat or dog be like on each of these levels? How would it be perceived by you? Begin by making notes about its salient characteristics. Include all of the sensory data that is important to you. These are the gunas of which it is composed. When you have your list, make three columns on the same page headed by the names of the three gunas and put a checkmark in each column that is part of the characteristic. If you like, you could also estimate a percentage of that characteristic that is involved.

In making the tree, try working from the top down as if you were creating the animal. Then work from the bottom up as if you were going to make it disappear. Which is easier? Why?

Citta

Cit is the Sanskrit word for Supreme Consciousness. The aspect of form through which it manifests is called Citta, sometimes called ‘mindstuff.’ This is mind in general and encompasses all levels of mind from Mahat to Manas including memory, etc. It is a product of both consciousness and matter. To connect this idea with our kundalini story, it would be the union of Shiva and Shakti, or of Purusa and Prakrti. Both are necessary for its functioning. Consciousness without matter is isolated and has no tools. Matter without consciousness is inert. Citta is like an intangible screen which enables consciousness to be projected into the manifested world. Another hologram. Citta only comes into being when consciousness interacts with matter. The next step down into matter involves activation of the gunas which we will take up later in this unit.

Vrttis

The vibrations in Citta are many and varied. They are called vrttis or thought waves. These are fundamental states in which the mind can exist, and they are the result of consciousness being reflected from the mindstuff. Patanjali mentions five Citta-vrttis: right knowledge, wrong knowledge, imagination, sleep and memory. Right and wrong knowledge vrttis are images formed by contact with the sense organs, i.e., have their origin in the external world. Imagination and memory are produced without contact with the outside world and so are subjective experiences. Sleep has no volition and is influenced by subconscious desires.

By controlling the mind through spiritual practice, meditation and/or mantra, we can control the vrttis and eventually put them aside at will. This involves a process of discrimination (viveka) and is the whole point of the eight rungs of Yoga. In addition to the practice, we need to develop Vairagya which means non-attachment, renunciation or mastery of desire. Viveka and Vairagya are the two primary ways to achieve liberation.

Exercise: Involution

Make a diagram that shows the involution of your self.

Evolution is the reverse process of involution, what I call Return to Spirit. It means the deliberate return to an experience of the Oneness of Supreme Consciousness. And it requires undoing all the processes that brought matter to its culmination in the human mind during involution. Purusa has to disentangle ItSelf from the vrttis, the gunas, and from the universe itself. Note that this means on the level of consciousness, not necessarily on the physical level, because as long as we are embodied we have to function in the world using the instruments we have been given for that purpose. However, those who have achieved liberation are able to live in a simultaneous reality which includes both.

To reach this state requires intense concentration and meditation. We met the eight rungs of Yoga back in the first guidebook, and you may want to review them during what follows. You will recall that the first five rungs prepare the personality (yamas and niyamas), body (asanas), breath (pranayama), and senses (pratyahara) to sustain a higher level of consciousness. The last three (dharana, dhyana and samadhi) prepare the mind by helping it to focus and gradually eliminate the distractions that obscure Turiya or Supreme Consciousness.

Stages of Development of Consciousness
(Evolution)

Probably the most widely accepted source of information about the development of higher consciousness is Patanjali who wrote Patanjali’s Sutras. These are available in many different editions some of which also have commentary that helps elucidate them. They are very succinct, so require interpretation for those of us who are not born to Sanskrit. What follows is my version and is taken from several sources in an effort to validate the conclusions. We begin with the last three steps of the rungs of Yoga.

Samyama

Samyama is a combination of concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and contemplation (samadhi), the last three rungs of Yoga, when it is applied to an object of concentration. It is achieved when a practitioner can quickly run through all three stages and maintain the focus of attention reliably over a period of time. It is a continuous process and does not involve any marked change in consciousness. It is more of a deepening toward the center of one’s own consciousness. It is in samadhi that prajna first appears. Samyama is used as a tool to investigate the four levels of Samprajnata Samadhi as they are manifested in the different levels of beingness that follow the initial achievement of samadhi.

Dharana, the sixth rung of Yoga, is often called concentration because it requires the person to focus attention on an object and to limit the range of attention. The card game called “concentration” is a good example of this. One focuses attention only on the game trying to remember where all the unplayed cards are located as they are turned up, two at a time, in an attempt to match two of them. We could say that we are “knowing with the cards.” Almost any object can be used for dharana such as a candle, a flower, the breath, a design on the rug, etc. The mind, being used to entertainment or varying stimulation, soon becomes bored and begins to wander. So the task is to keep bringing it back to the object of attention until you can keep it there for a period of time. This develops the ability of the mind to focus and hold attention.

Dhyana is sometimes called meditation. This is really an extension of dharana in that there is continuity of attention on the object, but distractions have now been eliminated and the person can concentrate at will. There may still be some movement within the focus of attention, however. Let us say that you are concentrating on a candle flame. It may waver, you may begin to see things in it, it may go in and out of visual focus, etc. But the room and all other objects around the candle have disappeared because the concentration of attention is so intense. There is nothing in the field of awareness but the candle flame. And this focus can be maintained for a long period of time. This is the beginning of real mind training. Direct knowledge of the object is not yet attained in Dhyana because the mind is preventing realization of the essence of the object by interposing consciousness itself between the reality hidden behind the object and the self-consciousness of the meditator. When this self-consciousness disappears, completely, samadhi is achieved.

In Samadhi, not only distractions have gone, but the self-awareness (svarupa) of the mind is silenced. The body is not responding either. Only the object remains in the field of consciousness. There is a dissolution of the subject-object relationship. You and the object fuse in consciousness. This is sometimes called contemplation and it leads to singlepointedness of mind. The purpose of samadhi is to attain perfect knowledge of the object by becoming one with it. Unless you are a practiced meditator, you have probably only experienced this in rare moments of natural beauty or existential crisis. The ego-mind resists such an experience because it ceases to exist in such moments. What distinguidhes samadhi from such unexpected, serendipitous moments is that samadhi can be sustained over long periods of time, and it can be instigated, prolonged and ended at will. When it ends, other forms that were screened out and self-consciousness return. When self-awareness is reduced to the vanishing point, the subject-object relationship dissolves and they fuse in consciousness. Then we can perceive the reality hidden behind the object: perceiver, perceived and perception become one. Another three-in-one. Can you see how this process is a reversal of the creation process? In Involution or creation, we go from an idea in the mind of the creator through progressive stages of differentiation until we reach a concrete form in the world or concept in the individual mind. In evolution, we reverse the differentiation process and dissolve all the separations it created until we have nothing left but consciousness and vibrations.

At this point, we are ready for the real work to begin. The purpose of the following stages of samadhi is to remove the object of concentration as well as all remaining mentation in order to uncover the Supreme consciousness.

Goal of Samadhi

The goal of samadhi is to experience and be able to maintain a state of Supreme Consciousness. In all mystical traditions, the process to achieve that is the same. What makes it difficult to understand is the variation in nomenclature. When we try to understand something that is being explained in a tradition that is unfamiliar to us, the words are different and the explanations vary in terminology as well as in perspective. So it seems, at first, as if there is a different process in each one. I think it is a bit clearer in the eastern traditions that have spent more effort exploring the higher levels of consciousness. Also, since meditation is the royal road to liberation, we need to be practiced in that in order to experience for ourselves what the goal is like.

There is no way to get there through the mind or with the ego because they are the very same faculties that obscure the goal. Samadhi is the process of putting the mind, ego and personality on hold so we can experience Supreme Consciousness.
This brings us to a consideration of how non-duality can be achieved by a living human being still bonded to the earth. So now we look at the stages of samadhi.

Stages of Samadhi

There are two major stages of samadhi that result in liberation from the vehicles (mind, ego and personality) that produce suffering (klesas) and karmas. One is Sabija samadhi which still has an objective seed (bija), or object that is separated out from what is a truly, undifferentiated Reality. Sabija Samadhi is concerned with knowledge and powers within Prakrti, an external process. And the other stage of samadhi is Nirbija samadhi which means consciousness is no longer differentiated or focused on objects, so we would have an unobstructed view of the true Reality. This means the mind is merged in the One Reality. Its aim is to transcend Prakrti into complete liberation (Kaivalya) which is an internal process. Nirbija samadhi is also known as Nirvikalpa Samadhi. You are familiar with the word bija from studying the chakras as each one has a bija or seed sound that tunes it.

Sabija Samadhi

This is the working level of samadhi during which all seeds of worldly existence are removed including the mind itself. In case you are wondering, as I did, the mind is not thereby destroyed but is merely sidetracked during the actual meditation. As soon as the concentration is released, it returns to its usual functions. However, I think you will find that it is increasingly finer-tuned and its focus maintained on the Ultimate Reality more and more as the practices continue. Eventually all the samskaras, klesas and karmas are destroyed and they never return after that. These constitute the obstacles and distractions that prevent experience of the One and of pure Consciousness. So, for a while, we go back and forth between samadhi and the world of names and forms. Ultimately, we become able to inhabit both simultaneously with our Purusa identity intact. This goal is not reached in the sixth chakra, however.

Sabija samadhi has four substages which are tied to the levels of guna operations as well as four of the bodies, kosas, or faculties of beingness (see figure below).

Kosa (body)	Stage of Samadhi	Action	Guna Level
I. Manas	A. Savitarka	Examination	Particular (visesa)
	B. Nirvitarka
	Asamprajnata
II. Vijnana (Buddhi)	A. Savicara	Discrimination	Universal (Avisesa)
	B. Nirvicara
	Asamprajnata
III. Ananda	Sananda	Joyful peace or inner perception	Differentiated (Linga)
	Asamprajnata
IV. Atma	Sasmita	Elemental ego sense	Undifferentiated (Alinga)

Table 6-4.   Stages of Sabija Samadhi

The word prajna is used to refer to higher consciousness in the form of direct knowledge from experience. So the four substages are identified as Samprajnata Samadhi. In between each one of them is a period of mental cloudiness or voidness in which there is no object. This is called Asamprajnata Samadhi. [The letter ‘A’ in front of a word means “not” in Sanskrit.]   During this period, the individual is making a movement up to the next stage of development. This entails a return to Center through Bindu. If you can imagine a pole or axis around which the levels of samadhi are attached hierarchially, the movement would be in to the center pole during asamprajnata samadhi and then out onto the next higher- level plane during the following samprajnata samadhi. In the sixth chakra, we have seen that the bindu there is the gate to liberation. So, the makara point, the bindu of the sixth chakra, would correspond to the center at which the next step higher is into nirbija samadhi. You may find it interesting to try to identify at which stage of development you are currently working.

Now let us look at the separate stages of samadhi. Refer to Table 6-4.

Manas Level. At the manas level, we have two kinds of samadhi. The first includes not only an object, but also awareness of its name, quality and other knowledge about it. The second type is free of the details.

   Savitarka samadhi is samyama (concentration, meditation and contemplation) on the differentiating faculty of the lower mind. It is concerned with identification and examination of gross objects, categories and hierarchies. Duality of subject and object is maintained and mixed up with the word (external vibration), the meaning (internal vibration) and knowledge (response wave in the mind). This corresponds to the Visesa stage of the gunas. Visesa means ‘particular.’ So this particular guna is concerned with objects as separate things with names, forms, and separate independent existences They are isolated and apart from the archetypes and divine consciousness in which they are embedded.

   Nirvitarka samadhi occurs when the object is perceived alone without the attachments and identifications of name, form, knowledge, etc. as above. There is no response to the object but just the knowledge of the thing in itself. This is a direct perception unmediated by any mental ruminations.

Asamprajnata samadhi follows. This is a cloud or cover on pure consciousness that is experienced in the transit between the objects (pratyayas) of two successive planes. In samprajnata samadhi, consciousness can only know the nature of something placed within its field of illumination. When there is no object, the field is dark rather like the darkness of outer space where there is nothing to reflect the light. So, when the object of contemplation fades due to insight into its insubstantiality, one experiences a kind of void or emptiness. Although the mind is blank and cut off from the outside world, it is perfectly concentrated and under complete control of the will. The space appears to be void and dark until consciousness emerges into the next plane. The meditator has passed through the Bindu into the next plane of samprajnata samadhi. The recession of consciousness into its center consists of alternate in and outer movements of consciousness at each barrier between two planes. Refer to the mandala process in Unit IV. for an analogy. When the meditator is well-practiced, movements can be swift and a matter of just focusing consciousness into the desired vehicle (in this case, level of mind).

Vijnana Level. This level has to do with the tanmatras or discrimination of more subtle objects than the previous level. All the tattvas except Purusa can be examined here.

   Savichara samadhi is reflective concentration or samyama on subtle objects again mixed with names, forms and knowledge. However the seeds of past actions are not yet destroyed. Here we might be looking at the essential functions of mind such as how we form abstract concepts and grasp their inner significance. We can also begin to make some discriminations between the real and unreal. This plane is associated with the Avisesa stage of the gunas which has to do with universal or non-specific objects. It corresponds to higher mind (Buddhi) and deals with the universals, archetypes and universal principles that underlie names and forms. Here we are talking about abstract ideas or abstract thinking as the objects of concentration.

   Nirvichara samadhi is super-reflection on subtle objects unmixed with names, forms, etc. The mind becomes pure and filled with truth. Now there is one single object of concentration but there is still a seed of attachment.

Asamprajnata samadhi occurs again

Ananda Level. This level is filled with joyful peace and bliss. The focus is on inner perception or mind. At the Ananda level, the mental activity is primarily intuition, and the instrument is called the buddhic vehicle.

   Sananda samadhi is concentration or samyama on direct knowledge of the object and/or the interior organ of thought itself bereft of qualities. All samskaras or distractions and obscurations are repressed except one (the seed). This one seed replaces all the others. All objects and universal principles become part of a universal consciousness like parts embedded in an invisible whole but still identifiable. This is an example of unity in diversity. The associated guna stage is Linga which means ‘a mark’ which serves to identify. This is a state of consciousness in which objects and principles are mere marks or signs which serve to discriminate them from other objects or ideas. Awareness of an object co-exists with awareness of consciousness. One can see the common substratum.

Asamprajnata samadhi follows.

Atmic Level. At this level, called Sasmita samadhi, one is aware of the individual, elemental ego sense of “I.” There is a feeling of ‘I exist’ or of mind itself with no qualities except sattva in its essence. The final seed is restrained so the space is seedless, and a magnetic attraction begins to draw the seeker toward God. This is Grace. The consciousness of pure existence swallows up consciousness of objects. The stage of gunas that is connected is that of Alinga meaning without a mark or differentiating characteristic. Objects and principles lose their separate identity. Although they exist side by side with consciousness, consciousness predominates, so the objects go out of focus. Only awareness of divine consciousness remains. Separate objects may remain like shadows, but they have no important meaning any longer.

Lest you begin to fear that much will be lost in this process, let me reassure you that nothing is lost. Rather a great deal is gained in the increasing richness, beauty and expansion of perception. The higher always subsumes, assimilates and integrates the lower levels of development. And from the higher levels of consciousness, Purusa can look down and view all of the ones below.

We have said that the goal is to perceive Ultimate Reality without any of the veils or coverings that obscure It. So we begin with the individual consciousness (Purusa ) and work to clear it in order to free it from the bondage of attachments to worldly and only-relative reality.

Nirbija Samadhi

The next stage of Asamprajnata samadhi is called Nirbija Samadhi. This is pure, undifferentiated consciousness, a view of Reality unobstructed by any seeds. It is the Consciousness of Purusa ItSelf clear of any Citta or mindstuff. The Light of Consciousness illuminates itself. However, the experience may be one of darkness and silence. This is due to the subtleness of the vibrations at this level. When the vibrations of light become too fine, they may appear as darkness. And when the vibrations of sound become too fine, they may be perceived as silence. Any further withdrawal must be into Cosmic Consciousness. So the seeker is poised on the brink of the void and must take a leap of faith into the next higher level of consciousness.

Nirbija samadhi is the last stage of Asamprajnata samadhi. This level of samadhi differs from the previous ones in that no fresh samskaras can be produced beause there is no seed. And the older ones are gradually being dissolved by renunciation and partial contact with Purusa. So this is the point at which one can pass out of the realm of Prakrti and attain Enlightenment or Kaivalya.

Kaivalya

Dharma Megha Samadhi

The result of the leap of faith into the unknown void is called “a cloud of virtue.” There is nothing in the field of consciousness. The individual is free, liberated from rebirth, karma and klesas. Even the potential for them is destroyed. This is the final samadhi, full and irreversible. Time, space, cause, effect and separate person no longer exist. There is perfect discrimination, infinite knowledge and the gunas are in a state of equilibrium, called gunatita, from which they may be called forth by Purusa when needed. The various vehicles of consciousness are in a state of quietude from which they can also be called forth as needed. Purusa can either use the various vehicles and gunas as It sees fit or can withdraw into Its own Form at will. Only the present NOW exists. Kaivalya is attained and Self-Realization is irreversible.

Kaivalya

Kaivalya is complete liberation, you will recall. It is a state of Self-realization in which Purusa gets established finally with the evolutionary process completed. This is Cosmic Consciousness that functions without limitations. It is absolute independence, oneness, unity and identification with the Supreme Being.

In Kaivalya, one does not obtain Truth but becomes Truth. There is a paradoxical simultaneity of Individuality and Oneness in Identity. Kaivalya and Nirvana co-exist and are two sides of the same reality. Nirvana means cessation of the forces that create separate individuality and its consequences. Kaivalya means to become one without a second; i.e., unity.

Two Purusas

From time to time there has been a reference to the inner teacher or inner guru. You may have experienced it as the “still small voice within.” Sometimes it is called inner guidance. Yogis may call it Isvara. I call it Spirit. It is one of the mnifestations of Purusa at the highest level. The inner guru has two aspects: 1) Saguna Purusa who teaches and liberates the individual and 2) Nirguna Purusa who makes the individual self-identical with itself.

Saguna Purusa is the boundary between the relative and Absolute worlds. It is Supreme Consciousness, the union of Purusa and Prakrti, or of Shiva and Shakti, often called Sat-Cit-Ananda which means Eternal Existence, Consciousness and Bliss. This is a dynamic equilibrium because Purusa is still connected to the gunas, Prakrti and its cosmic forces.

Nirguna Purusa is beyond these qualities: a trans-empirical, unconditional, indeterminate and subject-objectless consciousness which is a static state.

Exercise: Evolution

Make a diagram that shows your evolution in terms of these concepts and indicate where you are in your journey.

Modes of Transformation

There are three methods of transformations that occur during this journey. An account of them follows.

Viveka-Khyati

The main method employed in samadhi is called Viveka-Khyati. Viveka means to discriminate the real from the unreal. Khyati means knowledge, consciousness or awareness. What happens is that, by concentrating on all the forms, ideas, intuitions, archetypes and instruments of the mind; we gradually disentangle ourselves from the vehicles that are keeping us a prisoner within ourselves. The vehicles are all the layers of mind, ego and personality that surround our core of Divine Consciousness and obscure our inner vision of Reality. So, one by one, we have to tease out and discard all the obstacles to direct knowledge and perception. This is the discrimination aspect. And, in the process, pure awareness transcends even prajna or direct knowledge as well as direct perception.

Seven Stages of Awareness

Sutra number II-27 says, “The experiencer gains this knowledge in seven stages, advancing toward the highest” (Prabhavananda & Isherwood, 1953, p. 94). These stages follow:

1. Realization that all the knowledge we need is within us. At this point we begin to practice discrimination, and the dissatisfaction of the mind ceases as there is now a point of focus for practice.

2. Pain ceases. When we turn inward, the attachments and aversions begin to diminish and lose their power. A gradual ascent to bliss begins.

3. Attainment of full knowledge through samadhi. This means realization of our union with Purusa/Atman and recovery of our own divinity. Sense of individual separateness and differentiation is gone. There is only one of us.

4. Return to the world free of identification with it or any of its forms because the world is seen as a mere projection and reflection of the Atman. Our perspective is now vast and encompassing compared to the previous view of reality. We can no longer be commanded by others or by worldly duty or obligation. This is because we are no longer motivated by desire or attachments.

5. The mind and the world have ended their service to the individual. Mind has been the instrument and world the object of experience. We are now disentangled from Citta. All difficulties, struggles and vacillations of the mind have vanished.

6. Mental impressions, obscurations, distractions and even the gunas themselves have fallen away. Citta itself melts away into its causes whenever we so desire. This means full control over the mind and all its manifestations.

7. Eternal existence in union with Purusa/Atman. We are alone, omnipotent, omnipresent and ever blessed and perfect in our own existence, and we know that we always were.

You can see how the stages of samadhi implement these stages of development. It might be interesting to compare these stages with the ox-herding pictures and/or other such patterns of spiritual development.

Parinamas

There are three fundamental kinds of mental transformations that result in suppression of the vrttis or thought waves. These are not states but modes of transformation. Therefore, they are dynamic. The mind passes through each of these stages in sequence at each level of Sabija Samadhi. It must repeat on each plane as consciousness withdraws toward the Center of Reality. These modes are: Nirodha parinama, Samadhi parinama, and Ekagrata parinama. Each one develops a specific kind of control of Citta.

Nirodha parinama is a form of concentration or dharana that results in the restraint and suppression of thought waves. All properties are reduced to latent potential. It produces a condition in which there are no objects, ideas of distinction, cause or mental effort, nor imagination; in other words, a condition of formlessness. It begins in dharana with a gap between the chosen object of concentration and a distraction. It is a momentary state in which neither a distraction nor an object of concentration is present, i.e., it is the moment of time between impressions on consciousness. All forms are reduced to the state of Dharmi, the basic medium in which all properties have become latent. The objective is to produce this momentary state and then to extend it for a considerable length of time. It produces a complete control of thought waves in the mind which is called the Niruddha state. We need to maintain the state of Niruddha long enough for consciousness to pass through the cloud or void and emerge into the next plane.

Samadhi parinama is the gradual settling of distractions and the simultaneous arising of single-pointedness of mind. It eliminates the tendency of distractions to appear in the field of consciousness. To do this, it takes up one focus and excludes all others concentrating on a particular set of properties instead of allowing them to change continuously as they tend to do naturally. This process results in singlepointedness of mind. Consciousness then begins to move in depth and the object loses its name and form. The meditator then gets to the core of its essence. The object shines in its svarupa or essence.

Ekagrata parinama is the tendencyof the seed or one set of properties to persist over moments of time without interruption through continual new arisings of the same object. Because of vibrations and their inherent discontinuity, the object is not present continuously but only appears to be because the flicker is too rapid to be perceived rather like the separate slides in a motion picture film. The mind is said to be concentrated, and this provides a stationary state in which one particular set of properties are maintained. The idea of time vanishes, so that the past, and present come and stand in one.

These three transformations are concerned with eliminating the seed of samadhi. There is a struggle between two opposite tendencies: 1) tendency of the seed to arise again in the field of consciousness and 2) tendency of the mind to remain in the condition of nirodha. So the nirodha parinama begins the set of transformations as early as dharana, and it also ends each cycle following after ekagrata parinama and working to reduce the seed which has been stabilized in that process to its latent potential. Then the whole cycle repeats on the next level of sabija samadhi. Each cycle of Nirodha leads directly to an Asamprajnata samadhi until the final object or seed of the Atmic plane is dropped at which point the Consciousness of Purusa dawns and direct contact with Reality is achieved.

These three transformations give the meditator complete control over the mind.

Practice: Parinamas

Find an hour of free time and sit for meditation. Have a candle or flower to work with and consciously apply each of the three parinamas to your concentration on it. Before sitting, make notes on the similarities and differences between samyama and the parinamas. How do they support each other? If you feel confused, read Section III: 1-7 on samyama and Section III: 9-12 on the parinamas in Patanjali’s Sutras. For instance, compare dharana, dhyana and samadhi with nirodha, samadhi and ekagrata parinamas. It might help to make a chart.

Patanjali goes from here into explanations of how these transformations can be applied to various processes in order to gain control over them. This brings us to a discussion of siddhis.

Siddhis

“And since mental forces lie also at the basis of physical forces, he can manipulate even physical phenomenon without using any physical aids.” Taimni, 1975, p. 310

Siddhis are powers or accomplishments that result from attaining higher states of consciousness. Knowledge and power are two aspects of the same reality. Direct knowledge brings power with it because what we understand from the inside, we can control. Everything is subject to natural law, and natural law can be understood from the inside when we become one with it through the practice of samyama. There are no miracles since all of the manifest universe is governed by natural laws. The mental processes involved in siddhis are internal, subjective, and go beyond the functions of ordinary mind which is a veil that hides the true characteristics of consciousness. This is why we have to learn how to use samyama in order to work with the specific internal processes.

There are two kinds of consciousness involved here. One is the pure Consciousness (Caitanya) of Purusa who is connected to the Center of Ultimate Reality in his triple nature of Sat-Cit-Ananda. The other is conditioned consciousness with which we are all familiar. The latter is likened to a mirror that reflects the pure Consciousness. When Purusa gets caught up in experiences in the world, a lack of discrimination between It and conditioned consciousness occurs. So some kind of disengagement is necessary in order to transcend the conditioning and achieve liberation (Kaivalya). In order to do this, we must develop the ability to discriminate the Real from the unreal (Viveka) and achieve detachment from things and events in the world (Vairagya).

The stages of the gunas represent different degrees of conditioning. You will remember these as the particular, the universal, the differentiated and the undifferentiated. The particular is the stage of the lower mind which is oriented to names and forms and separated, isolated identities. The universal corresponds to th functions of the higher mind and deals with universals, archetypes and principles. The differentiated means a state of consciousness in which objects and principles are just marks to discriminate objects from each other. And undifferentiated means objects and principles lose their separate identities.

We also saw how tamas and rajas are capable of balancing and creating a sattvic state of consciousness. Now when these three are in equilibrium they correspond to the liberated state of Purusa as Sat-Cit-Ananda. Sat, or existence, relates to tamas; Cit, or consciousness, relates to Rajas; and Ananda, or bliss, relates to sattva.

Bhutas and Indriyas

So the problem becomes one of discovering how to get out of the conditioned mind and into the Universal Mind, a power called Maha-videha. We can do this by performing samyama and the parinamas on the elements (bhutas) and the sense organs (Indriyas) because the relationship between these two sets of functions is responsible for our relative reality, i.e., what we perceive on a daily basis. Here we are not talking about the elements as chemicals nor the sense organs as ears, eyes, etc., but about their essential functions or tattvas. There are five each of these tattvas, and they are the ones that connect matter with consciousness. You could say that we are looking at a bridge between the seen and unseen worlds. Each element is related to a sense organ, and we have studied these as we progressed through the chakras, so I will not review them here. Just keep in mind that while I may use the concrete words, they refer here to essences. The bhutas are not elements, per se, but principles that are expressed through the medium of matter and energies of various kinds. Therefore, their different states are analogous to those of the elements. For instance, fire in its form of light is associated with vision of the eye. Bhutas are the stimulators and indriyas are the mechanisms of stimulation. Sensation occurs as a result of the interaction of these two tattvas. Table 6-5 shows the relationships with tanmatras added to give you a feel for the interrelationships. Notice the triadic pattern.

Mahabhutas	Indriyas	Tanmatras
Akasa (ether)	Srotra (ear)	Sabda (sound)
Vayu (air)	Tvak (skin)	Sparsa (touch)
Tejas (fire)	Chakshus (eye)	Rupa (sight)
Apas (water)	Jihva (tongue)	Rasa (taste)
Prithivi (earth)	Chrana (nose)	Gandha (smell)

Table 6-5. Bhutas and Indriyas

Stages of Manifestation of Bhutas and Indriyas

There are five levels or stages of manifestation of the bhutas and indriyas (See Table 6-6). You will notice a progression that is similar to the stages of the gunas.

Level of Manifestation	Bhutas	Indriyas
Functional	Idea in Divine Mind of its purpose	Idea in Divine Mind of its function to be fulfilled
All-pervading	Particular combination of gunas	A mode of motion, specific combination of gunas
Subtle	Particular form or electronic configuration	Sensation is joined with I- ness and individualized
Constant	Real form of the element with definite set of qualities	Tanmatra, real nature of the sense, particular type of sensation
Gross	Gross state of the element expressed in form, e.g., solid, liquid, gaseous	Specific power of cognition in each particular sense organ

Table 6-6. Stages of Manifestation of Bhutas and Indriyas

In samyama, we can obtain direct knowledge of these states by becoming one in consciousness with the object or principle at each level. And when that occurs, we gain access to the powers inherent in that state of consciousness; all within the framework of natural laws, of course.

Exercise: Mind and Consciousness Relationship

Here is something for you to reflect on. If mind is the sixth sense and consciousness is the element of the sixth chakra, what does that suggest about the relationship between mind and consciousness? What might you expect to happen if you did samyama on each of these? See if you can add these two ideas to the tables above in a way that makes sense to you.

Rudra Granthi

You will remember that there were three knots, or granthis, in the chakra system that block Kundalini’s progress up through the chakras until they are removed. One was in the first chakra and the second was in the fourth chakra. Now we have the third and final one in the sixth chakra. This is found where the ida and pingala nadiis come together at the top of the susumna. The Rudra Granthi is related to the causal body and to the world of thought, ideas, visions and intuitions. So to untie the knot, one must renounce all attachments to these factors and to the siddhis that accompany them. See Johari (1987) for more information on the granthis.

At the sixth chakra level, one begins to acquire siddhis and may experience “visions and voices” as Underhill says. But these, too, must be renounced or we can become lost in our intuitive powers, and the new developments that have resulted from achieving this stage.

Johari (1987, p. 36) summarizes for us: the Brahma Granthi relates to the physical body and the world of names and forms; the Vishnu Granthi to the astral (etheric) body and the world of emotions; the Rudra Granthi to the causal body and the world of thought, ideas, visions and intuitions. So these are the general categories in which we need to work.

When the last knot is released here, the siddhis then may appear along with the ability to ascend to the Soma chakra and enter the sheath of bliss (Ananda). With the appearance of siddhis, the seeker needs holy fear, sincerity, humility, awareness and discrimination in order not to become ego-involved with them and thus fall from grace. Please take this caution very, very seriously.

Exercise: Rudra Granthi

Make a list of all the attachments you still have left in terms of the three granthis. Note by each one the number of the chakra with which it is associated. Starting with the first chakra (Brahma Granthi), assign a priority for releasing each attachment. Then design a systematic program for deleting all the attachments. If this feels wholly unmanageable, you might want to begin by listing those you have already given up. Keep in mind that detachment does not mean you cannot have these items, people or functions in your life, but only that you are not attached to them. For example, if you are in doubt, ask yourself how you would feel about giving them up? If you feel strings attached to them, put them on your granthi list. For things, imagine that you are about to move into a much smaller place. What will you take and what leave behind? Could you live for a year or two in an 8 X 10 room or a hermitage cottage?

For people (Vishnu Granthi), look at who you consider close to you. Do you actually communicate with them? If not, you are probably not attached to them. What about clubs, organizations, work associates, etc.? Narrow your list down to a handful of people you feel you cannot do without. Then work with those. Again, you are not being asked to actually do without these people, but to withdraw your co-dependent attachments to them. We are going to relate to them on a much higher level of the Higher Self in each of us. That allows us each to be ourselves without judgment or blame. The Vishnu Granthi knot is also associated with attachment to spiritual orders, gurus and the spiritual journey as well as to cultural and social mores and patterns. So we are talking here about being stuck in ideas, opinions, prejudices, etc.

Examples of Siddhis

Some of the Siddhis that might be related to the Rudra Granthi are:

1. Ability to know the nature of past and future. The passage of time is due to transformation of the properties, characteristics and states in things around us. Therefore, when the transformations stop, time ceases to flow and the individual is able to live in the present as the eternal Now.

2. Knowledge of previous births by direct perception of the impressions in the causal body which also holds the seeds of karma.

3. Invisibility of the body. Samyama on rupa leads to suspension of the receptive power. Contact between the eye of the observer and light from the body is broken. Vision depends upon an interaction between the rupa tanmatra, the tejas maha-bhuta and the eye. When this interaction is blocked, one becomes invisible.

4. Knowledge of the time of death. This is when all the karma to be dealt with in this lifetime is exhausted. One must be able to trace events to their causes and be able to function consciously in the causal body.

5. Development of a quality. Samyama fuses the quality to the mind and then the person can manifest through it.

6. Knowledge of the small, hidden or distant. Superphysical planes correspond to different levels of consciousness and stages of the gunas. So samyama on the subtlety of matter opens up all of the subtle realms of matter.

7. Knowledge of the organization of the body through samyama on the third chakra. This accesses the body archetype in the Universal Mind.

8. Aware of the nature of mind by doing samyama on the heart. Here we acquire true knowledge of the nature of mind and how it modifies pure consciousness. The heart is the common center of all the vehicles of Jivatman and is also the seat of Citta. This has been documented recently by Paul Pearsall (1998) in the bio-chemical domain.

9. Direct knowledge or intuitional sense. One can perceive everything without sense organs because one now is identified with Purusa who is the real perceiver. All knowledge, powers and faculties are in Purusa already in totality and potentiality.

10. Maha-videha destroys the individual mental body that covers the light and so releases consciousness into the realm of Universal Mind. Non-dual conscious-ness is then achieved.

11. Perfection of the body and non-obstruction of its functions by powers of the elements. This gives mastery of all physical phenomenon and the ability to regulate body processes. Therefore, when karma is exhausted, the body reverts to its beautiful archetype.

12. Attainment of Kaivalya, a state of complete freedom. One is detached from transcendent powers but can still exercise them. Full realization of our eternal and essential nature. Sat-Cit-Ananda. Vairagya is necessary.

13. Highest knowledge - full awareness of Reality. The soul is liberated from conditioned existence and reincarnation. Passing into the Real, one can live in the relative world while seeing it from a true perspective. One realizes unity with the Ultimate Reality. I am That, All is One.

14. All-knowing, all-seeing.

15. Abides in the sheath of bliss.

16. Freedom from time.

17. One becomes a visionary capable of precognition and prophecy

18. Omnipresence, omniscience

19. Egolessness of Dharma

20. Recollection (cf Mysticism by Evelyn Underhill, 1961).

This is not an exhaustive list, but a sample of what is possible when our true identity is discovered on an experiential level. For more information, consult one of the versions of Patanjali’s Sutras. I think the Taimni (1975) one has the most information.

Again I must caution that acquistion of these powers is not meant to become an end in itself but rather to be given in selfless service. Use of them to gratify the mind or ego may result in loss of soul and set back progress on the spiritual journey in a rather drastic and painful manner.

Exercise: Ethics of Siddhis

Write a paper or make a handbook outlining specific cautions about the acquisition and use of siddhis.

In this unit, we have examined the Turiya form of consciousness, what it is, how it may be achieved, and its role in the spiritual journey. Some methods of achieving higher consciousness were offered along with some information on the siddhis that might result from the practice of samyama.

References

Harrigan, J. (2002). Kundalini Vidya: The science of spiritual transformation. Knoxville, TN: Patanjali Kundalini Yoga Care.

Johari, H. (1987). Chakras: Energy centers of transformation. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books.

Mishra, R. (1987). The textbook of Yoga psychology: The definitive translation and interpretation of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras for meaningful application in all modern psychologic disciplines. New York: Julian Press.

Pearsall, P. (1998). The heart’s code: Tapping the wisdom and power of our heart energy. New York: Broadway Books.

Prabhavananda, Sw. & Isherwood, C. (Transl.) (1953). How to know God: The Yoga aphorisms of Patanjali. New York: New American Library.

Taimni, I. (1975). The science of Yoga: The Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali in Sanskrit with transliteration in Roman, translation in English and commentary. Wheaton, IL: The Theosophical Publishing House.

Tyberg, J. (1970). The language of the gods: Sanskrit keys to India’s wisdom. Los Angeles: East-West Centre.

Underhill, E. (1961). Mysticism: A study in the nature and development of man’s spiritual consciousness. New York: E. P. Dutton.

Vivekananda, Sw. (1976). Raja-Yoga or conquering the internal nature. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama.

This completes Unit V. Consciousness. The next Unit VI. Light will deal with the role of Light in transformation.

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